{"id":111665,"date":"2026-05-07T13:19:04","date_gmt":"2026-05-07T13:19:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/?p=111665"},"modified":"2026-05-07T15:24:39","modified_gmt":"2026-05-07T15:24:39","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%b1%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%84-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b4%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%ad%d8%ab","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/?p=111665","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631\u00bb \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-111668\" 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name=\"_ftnref1\"><strong><em>1<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u062e\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a 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right;\">\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637\u064a\u0629 (m\u00e9diologie) \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 <strong><em>\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a<\/em><\/strong> \u0628 &#8220;<strong><em>\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u064a 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name=\"_ftnref12\">2<\/a> .<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0634\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 (<strong><em>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0646<\/em><\/strong>). \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &#8221; <strong><em>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064a : \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/em><\/strong>&#8221; \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 (\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629)\u060c\u0625\u0630 \u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">1<\/a> &#8211; Bertrand Russel, Histoire de la philosophie occidentale, \u00e9ditions Gallimard-Id\u00e9es, Paris, 2002.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">2<\/a> &#8211; Voir\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a0 Louise Merzeau,\u00a0recherches m\u00e9diologiques\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.merzeau.net\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.merzeau.net<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a0 Fran\u00e7ois-Bernard Huyghe, recherches m\u00e9diologiques\u00a0: www.huyghe. fr<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">1<\/a> -\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062f. \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f. \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 1996\u060c \u0635 12.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">2<\/a> -R\u00e9gis Debray, Cours de m\u00e9diologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, \u00e9ditions Gallimard-Id\u00e9es, Paris,1991.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">3<\/a>&#8211; R\u00e9gis Debray, Vie et Mort de l\u2019Image , \u00e9ditions Gallimard, Paris, 1992.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">1<\/a> &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2005 \u060c \u0635 \u0635 43-53.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">2<\/a> &#8211; Elie Faure, l\u2019Esprit des formes, \u00e9ditions Plon, Paris, 1960, p 20.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">1<\/a> &#8211; Alain, Vingt Le\u00e7ons sur les Beaux Arts, \u00e9ditions Gallimard, Paris, 1965, p 50.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">2<\/a> &#8211; Roland Barthes, Le plaisir du texte, \u00e9ditions Gallimard, Paris, 1973.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a0 \u00a0Roland Barthes, Critique et V\u00e9rit\u00e9, \u00e9ditions Seuil, Paris, 1966, p79.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">3<\/a> &#8211; Andr\u00e9 Malraux, Le Mus\u00e9e imaginaire, \u00e9ditions Gallimard, Paris, 1956.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">1<\/a> &#8211; \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a0 \u00a01991\u060c \u0635 121.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">2<\/a> -Louis Althusser, Positions, \u00e9ditions Sociales, Paris, 1976, p 82.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/a>1 &#8211; \u0634\u0631\u0628\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 26\u060c 2006\u060c \u0635 27<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">1<\/a> &#8211; Umberto Eco, La structure absente, Introduction \u00e0 la recherche s\u00e9miotique, traduit par Myriem<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a0 Bouzaher, \u00e9ditions Mercure de France, Paris, 1972.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">2<\/a>&#8211; Roland Barthes, Rh\u00e9torique de l\u2019image, In Communications, n\u00b04, Seuil, Paris, novembre 1964.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u00a0 Roland Barthes, Essais critiques, \u00e9ditions Seuil, Paris, 1971.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">3<\/a>&#8211; Michel Charles, Rh\u00e9torique de la lecture, Coll.Po\u00e9tique, \u00e9ditions Seuil, Paris, 1977.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">4<\/a> &#8211; \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062f.\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621 1993\u060c \u0635 16.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">1<\/a> &#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0643\u0627\u0638\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 2000\u060c \u0635 40 .<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">1<\/a> &#8211; \u0622\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u060c \u062a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 318 \u060c \u0645\u0627\u064a 2005\u060c \u0635 7.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">2<\/a>&#8211; \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 2008 \u060c \u0635 58.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">3<\/a>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0635 7.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">4<\/a> &#8211; \u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635 58.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-111658\" src=\"http:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-06-at-19.05.30-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"274\" height=\"343\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-111670\" src=\"http:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-06-at-19.52.20.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"484\" height=\"331\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-111671\" src=\"http:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-06-at-20.24.53.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"495\" height=\"330\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-111655\" src=\"http:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-06-at-18.58.21.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"369\" height=\"530\" \/><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":111672,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[259],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-111665","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-259"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/111665","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=111665"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/111665\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":111690,"href":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/111665\/revisions\/111690"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/111672"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=111665"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=111665"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maroc-culture.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=111665"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}